Category Archives: National Labor Relations Act

Joint Employment, National Labor Relations Act, National Labor Relations Board, WV Human Rights Act

Understanding Joint Employment Under Federal and West Virginia Law

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If you work in health­care, hos­pi­tal­i­ty, or any indus­try that relies on staffing agen­cies, fran­chise mod­els, or shared employ­ment struc­tures, you’ve like­ly encoun­tered the con­cept of joint employ­ment. But what does it actu­al­ly mean? And more impor­tant­ly, how could it affect you or your clients?

Joint employ­ment occurs when mul­ti­ple entities—like a com­pa­ny and a staffing agency, or a fran­chisor and a franchisee—share con­trol over an employee’s work. That shared con­trol can lead to shared lia­bil­i­ty, espe­cial­ly in wage-and-hour dis­putes, dis­crim­i­na­tion claims, and union mat­ters. With recent changes to fed­er­al rules and ongo­ing court deci­sions, under­stand­ing joint employ­ment has nev­er been more important.

What Is Joint Employment?

Sim­ply put, joint employ­ment hap­pens when two or more enti­ties have sig­nif­i­cant con­trol over the terms and con­di­tions of a worker’s job. That could include con­trol over sched­ules, pay rates, hir­ing, fir­ing, or dai­ly super­vi­sion. For legal pur­pos­es, both enti­ties may be con­sid­ered “employ­ers,” mean­ing they’re both respon­si­ble for com­ply­ing with employ­ment laws.

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Concerted activity, Employment at will rule, Harless wrongful discharge, National Labor Relations Act

When Personal Conduct Off the Clock Leads to Termination: Off-Duty Behavior and Employment Law

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Let’s talk about some­thing that’s become more and more rel­e­vant in today’s world—off-duty con­duct. What hap­pens when an employ­ee gets into trou­ble out­side of work? Can an employ­er fire some­one for some­thing they did on their own time? And how do courts draw the line between pri­vate behav­ior and job-relat­ed consequences?

The short answer: yes, employ­ers often can ter­mi­nate some­one for off-duty con­duct, but it depends heav­i­ly on the circumstances—and there are key legal pro­tec­tions that lim­it this right.

This area of law lives in a gray zone where employ­ment at-will, pub­lic pol­i­cy, dis­crim­i­na­tion statutes, and even social media all over­lap. Let’s dive in.

At-Will Employment and the Right to Terminate

As you know, West Vir­ginia is an at-will employ­ment state, like most of the coun­try. That means employ­ers can gen­er­al­ly ter­mi­nate an employ­ee for any reason—or no rea­son at all—so long as it’s not ille­gal or in vio­la­tion of a pub­lic pol­i­cy. See W. Va. Code § 21–5‑4 and Felix v. Grafton City Hos­pi­tal, 447 S.E.2d 418 (W. Va. 1994).

So, in the­o­ry, an employ­er could fire an employ­ee because of some­thing they did off the clock—say, a bar fight, a con­tro­ver­sial Face­book post, or a DUI arrest.

But the­o­ry and prac­tice aren’t always the same.

Con­tin­ue read­ing When Per­son­al Con­duct Off the Clock Leads to Ter­mi­na­tion: Off-Duty Behav­ior and Employ­ment Law →
National Labor Relations Act, Social networking

The Legal Implications of Employee Social Media Use

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Social media has trans­formed how peo­ple com­mu­ni­cate, but it has also cre­at­ed legal chal­lenges in the work­place. Employ­ers want to pro­tect their rep­u­ta­tion and con­fi­den­tial infor­ma­tion, while employ­ees want to express them­selves freely. The big ques­tion is: how much con­trol can an employ­er legal­ly exert over an employee’s social media activ­i­ty? Let’s break it down.

Can Employers Restrict Employee Social Media Use?

Yes, but with lim­i­ta­tions. Employ­ers can imple­ment social media poli­cies to safe­guard their busi­ness inter­ests, pre­vent work­place harass­ment, and main­tain pro­duc­tiv­i­ty. How­ev­er, they must ensure these poli­cies do not vio­late employ­ee rights under fed­er­al and state law.

For exam­ple, the Nation­al Labor Rela­tions Act (NLRA) (29 U.S.C. § 157) pro­tects employ­ees who engage in “con­cert­ed activity”—discussions about wages, work­ing con­di­tions, or union­iz­ing efforts. The Nation­al Labor Rela­tions Board (NLRB) has ruled that employ­ers can­not dis­ci­pline work­ers for social media posts that fall under this pro­tec­tion (NLRB v. Pier Six­ty, LLC, 855 F.3d 115 (2d Cir. 2017)).

Employ­ers can take action against employ­ees for social media posts that:

  • Vio­late com­pa­ny poli­cies (e.g., harass­ment, dis­crim­i­na­tion, or con­fi­den­tial­i­ty rules).
  • Con­tain threats, hate speech, or defam­a­to­ry statements.
  • Cause sig­nif­i­cant rep­u­ta­tion­al harm to the employer.

How­ev­er, a blan­ket ban on work-relat­ed social media dis­cus­sions could vio­late fed­er­al labor laws.

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Concerted activity, National Labor Relations Act, Privacy

The Legality of Workplace Surveillance: Balancing Business Interests and Employee Privacy

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In an era of remote work, dig­i­tal mon­i­tor­ing, and AI-pow­ered ana­lyt­ics, work­place sur­veil­lance is becom­ing more com­mon. Employ­ers want to ensure pro­duc­tiv­i­ty, pre­vent mis­con­duct, and pro­tect com­pa­ny assets. But where’s the line between rea­son­able mon­i­tor­ing and an inva­sion of pri­va­cy? Under­stand­ing the legal frame­work around work­place sur­veil­lance helps both employ­ers and employ­ees nav­i­gate this tricky issue.

Can Employers Legally Monitor Employees?

Yes, but with lim­i­ta­tions. Employ­ers gen­er­al­ly have the right to mon­i­tor employ­ees dur­ing work hours, par­tic­u­lar­ly if they’re using com­pa­ny-owned equip­ment or work­ing on com­pa­ny premis­es. How­ev­er, fed­er­al and state laws impose restric­tions, espe­cial­ly when it comes to elec­tron­ic com­mu­ni­ca­tions, video sur­veil­lance, and off-duty monitoring.

Federal Laws on Workplace Surveillance

  1. Elec­tron­ic Com­mu­ni­ca­tions Pri­va­cy Act (ECPA) (18 U.S.C. § 2510 et seq.)
  • Pro­hibits employ­ers from inter­cept­ing employ­ees’ pri­vate communications.
  • Allows mon­i­tor­ing of work­place com­mu­ni­ca­tions if there’s a legit­i­mate busi­ness pur­pose or employ­ee consent.
  • Does not cov­er stored emails and files, mean­ing employ­ers can access work-relat­ed dig­i­tal con­tent with­out vio­lat­ing the ECPA.
Con­tin­ue read­ing The Legal­i­ty of Work­place Sur­veil­lance: Bal­anc­ing Busi­ness Inter­ests and Employ­ee Pri­va­cy →